Ilkka Niiniluoto comes to the rescue of scientific realism, showing that reports of its death have been greatly exaggerated. Philosophical realism holds that the aim of a particular discourse is to make true statements about its subject-matter. Niiniluoto surveys the different varieties of realism in ontology, semantics, epistemology, theory construction, and methodology. He then sets out his own original version, and defends it against competing theories in the philosophy of science. Niiniluoto's critical scientific realism is founded upon the notion of truth as correspondence between language and reality, and characterizes scientific progress in terms of increasing truthlikeness. This makes it possible not only to take seriously, but also to make precise, the troublesome idea that scientific theories typically are false but nevertheless close to the truth.

Content - 1. The Varieties of Realism, 2. Realism in Ontology, 3. Realism in Semantics, 4. Realism in Epistemology, 5. Realism in Theory Construction, 6. Realism in Methodology, 7.  Internal Realism, 8. Relativism, 9. Social Constructivism, 10. Realism, Science, and Society, References, Index of Names, Index of Subjects